Everything about Cycladic Civilization totally explained
Cycladic civilization (also known as
Cycladic culture or
The Cycladic period) is an
Early Bronze Age culture of the
Cyclades in the
Aegean Sea, spanning the period from approximately
3000 BC-
2000 BC.
History
The significant
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic culture is best known for its schematic flat female idols carved out of the islands' pure white marble centuries before the great Middle Bronze Age ("
Minoan") culture arose in
Crete, to the south. These figures have been stolen from burials to satisfy the Cycladic antiquities market since the early 20th century. Only about 40% of the 1,400 figurines found are of known origin, since looters destroyed evidence of the rest.
A distinctive Neolithic culture amalgamating Anatolian and mainland Greek elements arose in the western Aegean before 4000 BC, based on
emmer wheat and wild-type barley, sheep and goats, pigs, and tuna that were apparently speared from small boats (Rutter). Excavated sites include Saliagos and Kephala (on
Keos), which showed signs of copper-working. Each of the small Cycladic islands could support no more than a few thousand people, though Late Cycladic boat models show that fifty oarsmen could be assembled from the scattered communities (Rutter). When the highly organized palace-culture of Crete arose, the islands faded into insignificance, with the exception of
Delos, which retained its archaic reputation as a sanctuary through the period of Classical Greek civilization (see
Delian League).
The chronology of Cycladic civilization is divided into three major sequences: Early, Middle and Late Cycladic. The early period, beginning ca.
3000 BC segued into the archaeologically murkier Middle Cycladic ca.
2500 BC. By the end of the Late Cycladic sequence (ca.
2000 BC) there was essential convergence between Cycladic and
Minoan civilization.
There is some tension between the dating systems used for Cycladic civilization, one "cultural" and one "chronological." Attempts to link them lead to varying combinations; the most common are outlined below:
| Cycladic chronology |
| Phase |
Date |
Culture |
Contemporary
mainland
culture |
Notes |
| Early Cycladic I (ECI) |
|
Grotta-Pelos |
|
| Early Cycladic II (ECII) |
|
Keros-Syros |
|
| Early Cycladic III (ECIII) |
|
Kastri |
|
| Middle Cycladic I (MCI) |
|
Phylakopi |
|
| Middle Cycladic II (MCII) |
|
|
|
| Middle Cycladic III (MCIII) |
|
|
|
| Late Cycladic I |
|
|
|
| Late Cycladic II |
|
|
|
| Late Cycladic II |
|
|
|
Archaeology
The first archaeological excavations of the
1880s were followed by systematic work by the
British School at Athens and by
Christos Tsountas, who investigated burial sites on several islands in
1898-
99 and coined the term "Cycladic civilization". Interest then lagged, but picked up in the mid-
20th century, as collectors competed for the modern-looking figures that seemed so similar to sculpture by
Jean Arp or
Constantin Brancusi. Sites were looted and a brisk trade in forgeries arose. The context for many of these Cycladic Figurines has thus been mostly destroyed; their meaning may never be completely understood. Another intriguing and mysterious object is that of the Cycladic
frying pans. More accurate archaeology has revealed the broad outlines of a farming and seafaring culture that had immigrated from Asia Minor ca.
5000 BC.
Early Cycladic culture evolved in three phases, between ca.
3300 -
2000 BC, when it was increasingly submerged in the rising influence of Minoan Crete. Excavations at
Knossos on
Crete reveal an influence of Cycladic civilization upon Knossos in the period 3400 BC to 2000 BC as evidenced from pottery finds at Knossos.
The culture of mainland Greece contemporary with Cycladic culture is termed
Helladic.
There is an obvious cultural continuation of the proto-indoeuropean populations in the Balkan region - see the striking resemblance to the
Hamangia culture and the
Cucuteni culture, 2000 years before.
Further Information
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